Tuesday, April 1, 2025

“The Trouble with Fairies”- An Addendum (1 April 2025)

Last year I read and wrote a blog reflecting on Carole G. Silver’s fascinating book,  Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness (1999).  At that time, I was trying to reconcile her insightful presentation of the cultural perceptions and prejudices surrounding fairies with how I had first learned about the Faeryfolk in the early 1970’s, when I was immersed in a Neo-Pagan spirituality.

Since last Spring, I have been pursuing a deeper understanding of fairies in relationship to 19th century English literature.   I had been coming across them for years, most recently in Jane Eyre and in her two later novels, Shirley and Villette.  I had earlier found various references to fairies in the novels of Charles Dickens, especially in A Christmas Carol – which is a classic fairy tale in its form and execution – and also in Nicholas Nickleby.  This had made me curious about the role of fairy lore in 19th century literature.

Recently I came across this book of Victorian fairy stories by Jack Zipes, which has confirmed something I had read in Silver’s book and written about in my blog, “The Trouble with Fairies” (1 April 2024).

I ended that blog with reflections on Silver’s chapter dealing with how certain mid-to-late 19th century writers used fairy stories as a vehicle for questioning the status quo and furthering social criticism.  Zipes’ Introduction in Victorian Fairy Tales (1987) offers an historical overview of how fairy tales had been utilized, progressively but also conservatively, in Victorian society.  As I read his Introduction, I began to think that perhaps Carole was primarily focused on the more conservative side of the use of fairy tales?  These writers used fairy stories to socialize children into conformity with the world as it was, writing pedantic, didactic, moralistic versions of various tales.  Other writers, however, used the fairy tale to present and explore visions of a better world, writing new versions of old fairy tales and creating new ones – all of which strove to envision and portray a different way of living; indirectly criticizing social conventions and mores that were oppressive or repressive—and that they felt needed changed.

Zipes’ Introduction confirms what I’d read at the end of Strange and Secret Peoples (1999) concerning such a progressive use of fairy tales.  He gives the reader a succinct history of the suppression and then the reclaiming of fairy tales in England from the mid-17th through the late 19th century.  Zipes argues that fairy stories had been repressed in England during the 17th and 18th centuries, first by the Puritans – who found fairy stories to be immoral as well as unreconcilable with their version of Christian doctrine and ethics – and then by advocates of the Enlightenment – who rejected fairy stories on the grounds that they were irrational and therefore not in concert with their epistemology, which put Reason above all other faculties in the quest for truth and wisdom.

It took the Romanticist Movement to begin to restore the fairy tale to English society and make it acceptable.  His Introduction mentions a number of the progressive writers and their primary fairy works; those for whom fairy stories were a praxis through which to express the widespread unease with the industrialism, materialism and pragmatism of 19th century Britain, offering readers – through excursions into fairy worlds and fictional experiences involving fairies – various ways to re-imagine the world and work for positive social change.

 

Beyond the Introduction, Zipes culled together a great selection of fairy stories from 19th century writers, from Catharine Sinclair to Lewis Carroll, Charles Dickens and George MacDonald, just to name four.   It is a book well worth reading if you are interested in some of the most mature examples of fairy story writing in 19th century England, in which you can imagine the influence they may have had in either enforcing social conformity or inspiring positive social change.

-        Montague Whitsel

Sunday, February 2, 2025

Fantasy and the Faeryfolk (1 February 2025)

[Originally 1 September 2019; revised and expanded]

“Fantasy is a natural human activity.  It certainly does not destroy or even insult reason; and it does not either blunt the appetite for, nor obscure the perception of, scientific verity.  On the contrary.  The keener and the clearer is the reason, the better fantasy will it make.” (370)

- J. R. R. Tolkien “On Fairy Stories” in 

Tales from the Perilous Realm (2008)

I have been asked a number of times over the years why Fairies and the Fairy-otherworld so often appear in the poems and stories that I write.  Any response to that question cannot help but stir the cauldron of deep memory, tapping into (1) my early engagement with Neo-Pagan spirituality in the 1970’s and then (2) the touchstones and runes of my own development as a poet-mystic and an earthen naturalist through the 1980’s and into the 90’s.  This blog arises out of the confluence of these two streams in my spiritual and poetic development, driven by the runic question, “Am I one the Way to Wisdom?”

I want to explore the role of Fairies in my creative work by presenting a few of the traditional themes of Fairy lore that have inspired me over the years, and what they have meant for my poetics and aesthetic faith in life-itself.  For this to come to fruition, I will first explore the nature of Fantasy, for the Fairy world comes to presence though the marvelous wordings and worldings of that ‘genre’ – that state of mind; that praxis – making possible the fairy-touched Mind and Heart.

A note on terminology: When I refer to my own experience and to how I learned about the Faery world in my adolescence, I will tend to use to the “ae” spelling.  When I am referring to historical and literary Fairy lore, I will use the “ai” spelling.  I will always capitalize “Faery” and “Fairy” in this blog out of respect for them; however they may ‘exist’_ or ‘not.’

Simply put, fantasy is a mode of the Creative Imagination; by the use of which we engage in making things ‘appear’ that are not ‘here’ in our ‘normal’ – that is, normalized and normalizing – everyday worlds.  To engage in fantasy is to imagine and then experience ‘another world;’ entering into it in any number of ways; poetic and aesthetic, intellectual, intuitive and sensual—in any combination.  A fantasy world, so imagined, is different from our ordinary lived-in worlds, but capable of speaking to our lives in potentially significant ways; from over the hills and (sometimes, not so) far away.  Those fantasy stories and worlds to which we tend to return, over and over again, are those that have spoken to us; existentially and spiritually, metaphorically and by way of analogy.  When we read a fantasy story or watch a fantasy film or play, we are presented with possible gateways into alternate realities that may act to mirror our own here-and-now; showing us things we have not before seen.

Fantasy thus has the potential to contribute to a widening perspective on the world, leading to a better -- i.e., wisening -- understanding of ourselves and others.  To encounter otherworldly beings; to be imaginatively in their company—has the potential to open the doors of perception.  To imaginatively travel and adventure with them may help us to delve a deeper, more compassionate well of understanding with regard to ourselves and others.  In fantasy, the horizons of our consciousness are expanded, as we experience other worlds and their inhabitants.  Returning home, the practice of fantasy may therefore help us toward an openness – and love of – otherness in the actual world.

The ordinary rounds of our life will never seem quite so narrow once we are practiced at fantasy; which provides us with pathways by which to step out of the often narrow confines set for us by our socialization and that are often enforced by those with the power to define them as ‘normal.’  While this liberation through particular flights of fantasy is temporary, the practice of fantasy can create an Innerland; our Imagination's Realm--which persists and underlies our day-to-day consciousness even when not engaged in fantasy.  Having such an Innerland can be inspiring, sustaining and empowering.

An old friend of mine used to say that fantasy is like rising, flying or being lifted by Inspiration up above the trees of a Great Forest and from there – from that new vantage point – seeing broader, often far-off horizons within which a life could be lived more fully; more humanely--differently than we have heretofore lived.  The ‘Forest’ in this simile represents our actual world and then those worlds – cultural, social and historical – that establish the very horizons into which we are thrown by being born.  While ‘good’ in an ordinary sense; grounding us in practical ways of living while orienting us to our culture’s rules and parameters, these circumscribed horizons can and often can be transcended as we grow and mature; as they are merely ‘ours’ – if we are to achieve a wider, deeper, broader perspective for living these brief lives with which we are gifted. [1]

For me, the Faeryfolk have been a long-standing and important element of authentic fantasy.  My fascination with Fairies no doubt arose from my first introduction to their lore during my teenage years.  That period of time was a positive influence in my spiritual, mystical and imaginative development.  There was a definite dimension of Faery mysticism in the way in which we celebrated the seasons of the Earth, communed with Nature, practiced the Arts & Craefts and engaged with the ‘spirit world.’  An entry in Doreen Valiente’s An ABC of Witchcraft: Past and Present (1973) – a book I read and loved reading – contained some of my earliest touchstones of Faërie.  I remember underlining these two sentences in my first copy of the book:

“The Realm of Faërie is often conceived of as being a beautiful but uncanny place which is underground, actually in the earth.” (120)

“[T]hey had two characteristics which their Celtic neighbors found strange and disconcerting.  They were people of the night, who would move and work in darkness, or by moonlight; and they preferred to wear little or no clothing, or the least that the climate would permit.” (118)

Such ideas were among the earliest intimations I had of a Faery-poetics.  My aesthetic and spiritual fascination with the night, and with darkness and the Moon was surely encouraged by such texts.  As anyone who has read my blogs knows, I am one who loves walking in the night and being out under the Moon's gaze, reveling in her light!

Later, in my early to mid-twenties, my reading of 19th century British and Irish literatures deepened my understanding of the Fairies, and expanded my comprehension of the themes, customs, and narrative motifs associated with them.  Reading W. B Yeats’ The Celtic Twilight (1905) and Lady Gregory’s Gods and Fighting Men, for instance, drew me into the realms of Celtic myth and legend, in which was bodied-forth many elements of Fairy folklore.

I was deeply drawn to Celtic spirituality, mysticism and mythology in the 1990’s, and found the stories of Fairies to be integral to Celtic myth and legend.  The Fairies always seemed to ‘be there,’ whether present in the story or not, and I often found myself ‘Faery-haunted;’ albeit in an imaginative and poetic, rather than ‘superstitious,’ sense—whenever engaged with Celtic Faery stories.

As I learned more about the Fairies, it became apparent that they were (and are) associated with the Moon, which is referred to in Fairy lore as “the Sun at Night,” and “The Lamp of the Faeryfolk.”  The Moon is often a presiding ‘deity’ as well as a natural influence in much Fairy lore.  Under the inspiration of the Moon, I have often experienced a ‘flight of fantasy,’ imagining things that are beyond the usual scope of our lived-experience and that travel me into other-worlds; other 'places' – refreshing the soul and the mind in potentially revelatory scenes and vistas; great olde forests and majestic mountains, and many other scenes. 

Fairy fantasy allows us to step back from the ordinary world in which we live, day-to-day, and find time for resourcement in refreshing dreams.  This is a kind of escape that has the potential to revitalize one's whole being, without having needed to abandon our ordinary lives.  An ‘escape’ into Fantasy and the Fairy otherworld is not a desertion of the actual world.  Rather it involves going on an imaginative  journey,’ ‘adventure’ or ‘quest,’ from which we eventually return to face another day [2].  We may come home from a Fairy-fantasy with hope renewed to some degree; inspired by the fantastic experiences we have had – with a sense that we might be able to change and live a better, wiser life; one mirroring the fantastic, even if only in minute ways, at first; working to make our day-to-day existence a more humane place to be—for ourselves and others.  

That Fairies are often ‘hidden’ and yet ‘present’ in one’s ordinary timespace is a primary aspect connecting them to Mystery; i.e., all that is beyond our cognitive and existential ‘reach’ in Earth & Cosmos.  This theme intrigued me from the first time I first became aware of it!  The Fairyfolk were said to live in caves, under lakes, behind waterfalls and in the great earthen mounds scattered across the various Celtic landscapes; these iconic places emerging in our dreaming under the influence of a Fairy fantasy.  The Fairyfolk cannot normally be plainly seen; there is a sense of mysterious presence in their being near us—'known’ to us or ‘not.’  They might be – and are often said to be – ‘right beside us,’ in a world just ‘beyond’ what is invisible to most of us_ most of the time.

By the time I was in my thirties I was beginning to write poems and stories employing what had evolved into a ‘Fairy poetics’ over the years.  I was exploring the mysteriousness of the Fairy world via symbols, icons, metaphors and themes drawn from their lore.  I pondered the nature of their existence, studying various theories as to their reality; the primary quest concerning whether there was anything 'real' beyond our creative imaginings of the Fairies—for instance, that they might be a memory of some historical people?  Some writers have suggested that they might be the earliest human inhabitants of what are now Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England, and I allow that there may be some historical basis to this idea; though it is quite scant.

I was introduced to the Faeryfolk, however, under this idea; the euhemerist hypothesis as it is called by historical scholars and folklorists—that the Faeries were a mythologized memory of the prehistoric peoples of the lands later inhabited by Celts, then the Anglo-Saxons and finally by the Norman invaders of Britain.  Suggesting this, the Old Irish myths contain a story that the Fairyfolk made an agreement with the first incomers – i.e., the Celts in the Iron Age [3] – to live ‘beyond the sídhe (pronounced “shay”), while the Celts settled and occupied the above ground world; the ordinary, naturalistic world in which we all live and have our dwelling.  In the myths it is Amairgin – the Poet of the people called the Milesians; the first ‘invaders’ of Ireland – who strikes this deal with the indigenous inhabitants.  I long pondered whether this story could be a trace-memory of that early time; a myth that ‘remembers’ an ‘event’ of the past?  Or perhaps, as I later accepted, it is the ur-story; an archaic ‘origins myth’ – of the Fairyfolk.

As I studied Irish mythology I became familiar with the Old Irish name for them: Sluagh-Sídhe (pronounced “slew-ah-shay;”) which means “People of the Sídhe; (i.e., ‘mounds and hillocks, etc., in which they were said to live).  In Ireland they were often associated – if not identified – with the Tuatha Dé Danaan (pronounced “too-ha jay don-awn”), which means “People of the Goddess Danu;” She being one of the “All-Mother” figures in the Irish myths; i.e., “The Great Goddess.”   These mythic peoples – those granted the underground realm as their home by Amairgin – are said to have been of slightly smaller stature than the people amongst whom they lived, but definitely ‘small humanoid’ peoples; not ‘insect sized’ and able to hide under flowers in the garden! [4]   Of this ‘reduction in size’ theme that is so prominent in the Fairy stories of the last couple centuries, Caitlín & John Matthews lamented, in their Encyclopedia of Celtic Wisdom (1994), that:

The name ‘Faery’ has acquired unfortunate connotations, evoking images of butterfly winged and saccharine creatures slightly bigger than insects.  If we are to have any understanding of the people of the sídhe in Celtic tradition, we must erase such connotations and understand that they have a far greater stature and power than we can conceive.  Immortal, able to pass between the worlds at will, with resources that seem magical to humans, they appear as major protagonists in Celtic tradition, both then and now.” (388)

The Matthews here touch upon a number of key elements in the lore, opening us to mystery and strange experience.  First, that the Fairyfolk are “immortal” and, secondly, that they have magical abilities.  These elements were among the many facets of the Faery-faith as I was first introduced to it.  The sum of this is that to experience the Fairyfolk is to encounter – and be encountered by – something more than our own kind of being; which as such will inspire both wonder and awe in our mortal souls.

The Sluagh-Sídhe are one fictional, imaginative cypher for what is beyond what we comprehend and understand as the mortal animals that we are.  They stand for what transcends what we have discovered – via the arts and sciences – about Earth & Cosmos and ourselves as a manifestation of the physical processes of Nature.  When Faery appear in a story or poem I’ve read or written, it usually leads to an epiphanic experience; those sudden moments of being lifted ‘out of ourselves’ or into a ‘higher’ understanding, if only – usually – for a twinkling of time; after which we return to our actual worlds, somewhat wisened or at least a bit more 'awake,' spiritually and existentially.  Their presence in our creative dreaming points to the limits even of the imagination!  Fantasy paves the way to the Fairy-world.  Their presence in a story may ignite us into moments of vivid self-transcendence.

Whether or not the Fairyfolk are a memory of actual historical peoples, the lore that has come to surround them has heft and girth, pointing as it does to the unknown and (probably, in the final analysis) unknowable in Earth & Cosmos.  Some of the themes that have inspired my poetic thinking and expression over the years are grounded in the mythic ‘fact’ of their living in an ‘otherworld’ into which humans can pass and sometimes return from, by stepping on a “stray sod” [5] or passing through a “thin place” between our world and theirs.[6]  Dwelling in hillsides and under mounds, in tunnels [7] and caves, as well as at stone circles, crossroads, sacred springs and wells, the Sluagh-Sídhe are found to exist in a world parallel to our own, into which we may sometimes ‘see’ and even have experiences, especially at the end-of-year harvest festival of Samhain (31 October; pronounced “sow-en”), when the veil between the worlds becomes ‘thin’ for a night. [8]

This crossing-over and back between worlds – the Fairies coming into our world; and we possibly stepping into theirs in waking fantasy – can and does happen at any time of the year.  When Fairies are nearby -- stories, myths and legends indicate -- mortals may get a sense of their presence experienced as that primal ‘eerie-ness’ or ‘uncanniness’ so often still found expressed in our gothic and ghost lore.  I knew that feeling by the time I was 12, and still experience it today in the presence of the Mysterious; whether expressed as a Fairy encounter or as a ‘divine’ encounter—both being poetic and imaginative ways of metaphoring strange-experiences carrying us beyond the ordinary realm. 

Other poetic themes that have inspired me include the fact of the Fairies having special trees and crags, groves and other places that are sacred to them, and at which they may occasionally be encountered.  Of their sacred trees, Dairmuid Mac Manus noted, in his classic book, Irish Earth Folk (1959), that “The Fairy folk are quite discriminating in their choice of trees, and the site of each tree is an important matter.” (48)  The lore almost universally bears witness to their deep love trees and sylvan places.  They favor Oak, Ash, and Thorn trees, the Rowan and the Hazelnut; the latter being featured in those mysterious tales of haunted pools where sacred salmon lived under the overhanging boughs of a magical Hazelnut Tree.  At such a pool, one could gather the sacred Hazelnuts of Wisdom!   Regarding both the Hazelnut and the Blackthorn – another favorite of the Faery – Dairmuid Mac Manus said:

“The Hazel, one of the most important of all, goes back in Irish mythology to an honoured place in the dim mists of the past.  Then the hazel nut was the repository of all knowledge, as was the apple in Eden.  No wonder the ancient gods and the spirits of today are reputed to revere and care for it.  Of the other trees, Fairies do well in cherishing the Blackthorn, for it is one of the loveliest trees in the Irish countryside, especially in early spring when its masses of bright, white flowers contrast so strongly with its leafless black twigs; and the toughness of its branches is proverbial.” (46-47)

 Trees have long been respected and protected in countries of Celtic ancestry in part because they were sacred to the Fairyfolk.  This tradition still survives today.  Strange encounters were often had at trees that were ‘Fairy-haunted,’ for good or ill.  

Fairies were sometimes called “the Gentle Folk” or "the Gentry" as a term of respect and dignity.  They were – and are – known to be able to be great friends to those mortals befriended by them, though, if crossed, they could be quite nasty; playing tricks on those who offended them—all such antics aiming, however, at calling attention to how they had been misused or betrayed.  The resolution of this tricksiness is a recompense being ‘paid’ – symbolically or literally – in order to re-establish a just relationship with their friends on this side of the sidhe.

Another key theme in the folklore of the Fairyfolk that made them at home in my Creative Imagination is their close association with music.  They are said to be expert musicians and singers, the harp and later the fiddle being their favorites, though they play a wide variety of instruments.  Their presence is often associated with a mystical music; the coel-sidhe – (“kay-ole-shay;” the “music of the sidhe").  Tom Cowan said of the role of music in Fairy-lore, in his fascinating book Fire in the Head (1993), that:

“For the Celts, both Pagan and Christian, the encounter with faerie is often heralded by ethereal music, usually described as “the most beautiful music” ever heard, or “like no human music.”  Indeed, sweet Fairy music is an essential component of the Otherworld.  It can lull mortals into an enchanted sleep or a shamanic state of consciousness.  …  the music is often heard on lonely roads, late at night, or in the forests, emerging from the Hollow Hills or from deep within the earth.” (72)

It is the coel-sidhe that I was suggesting the characters in my story “Foundations at Ross Falls (20 March 1997) heard, [9] while leaving a rustic waterfall at night; though in the story the characters think the music sounds like that of monks chanting an office in Latin down at the base of the secluded, lonesome waterfall.  Another story of an encounter with a Fairy band by mortals is in my book Tales from the Seasons, and is called “The Elfin Tree Porch” (pp. 388-402).

One old Fairy theme that has long haunted me is that of a mortal being carried away into the otherworld and kept in thrall to one of the Fairyfolk – e.g., often a Faery Queen or Princess – and then, after a time, being returned to this world, perhaps with magical powers or creative gifts; enabled by their encounter in Faërie to become great poets, healers or wise advisors to their communities. [10]   This theme is expressive of the transformational nature of a Fairy encounter.  Stories with this theme were said to explain the origin of the genius and creativity of a particular musician or poet – e.g. Thomas the Rhymer – who were thereafter said to be ‘Fairy Gifted.’  Tom Cowan (1993) tells the story of this poet and his experience, saying:

“One day a young poet and harper named Thomas was sitting under the Eildon tree when a beautiful woman rode up on horseback.  She was the Queen of Elfland, and She enchanted Thomas with her beauty, luring him into the Faery Realm where he remained for seven years, enjoying her sexual favours but always longing to return to mortal life.  In time she released him and he returned to ordinary reality, but the queen’s farewell to him was a gift that would render him forever a stranger among mortals: the inability to speak anything but the truth.  For the rest of his life Thomas the Rhymer lived with the burden of truth; he could neither utter a falsehood, nor overlook deception.” (73)

Being transported into the Fairy-realm may also have an element of testing to it; the Fairies seeking to determine if you are worthy of such a calling as Poet, Mystic, Magician, Druid, et cetera.

For myself, such tales played into my evolving experience of “The Muse;” [11] i.e., the ‘source of inspiration and creativity’ in us—and the poetics that have been generated out of that experience.  The ‘Faery Queen’ in such stories as the one above I always see as a metaphor for this ‘source.’  She ‘abducts’ us; most usually on Moonlit nights—and then returns us to the mortal world more inspired than we were before we were ‘abducted.’  The ‘abduction’ here is a metaphor for ascent into fantasy and the broadening of one’s vision of Faerie characteristic of such a state of self-transcendence.

Many of the story elements that resonate with me most in Fairy-lore allude to the processes and experiences of entering a creative state and therein being inspired.  That you can step on a ‘stray sod’ and slip into the Fairy-world metaphors my experience of wakening into an imaginative state of mind and then – by way of poetic belief; which is a function of being actively engaged in fantasy – being inspired to write and compose something with that ‘weird’ quality to it that is so characteristic of Fairy-touched arts and craefts.

Fairies are also said to often be encountered in strange, abandoned places—another theme that inspired me when I was young and that keeps me open to the mysteries of our mortal existence.  Places of once-human-habitation that are now lonesome and in various stages of decay, speak to the way of all things in a universe wherein time is determined by entropy – the Second Law of Thermodynamics – and are thus haunted by their past; which is embodied in the present of their decayed state.  They are haunted by the memory of human presence and, by extension, by present ghosts, Fairies and other spectral ‘critters;’ all such beings evanescent of the liminal dimensions of our existence.  Ruins are places passing into non-existence; just as we all are; once-upon-a-time—yet to come.  To encounter Fairies or other mythic beings in a creative fantasy at ruins enables us to explore the presencing of mortality in all that is around us.  I have long found ruins [12] to be among the favorite haunts of Faeries! 

A Fantasy-guided Creative Imagination at-play with any one of these themes will oft be taken to the limits of their known lived-in mindscapes, opening the practiced dreamer-imaginer to fantastic visions, ideals, possibilities and transformative conceptions.  For me, the strangeness that emerges as a story waxes Fairy oft begins with someone saying—

     “I was at x and there was this interesting, strange ‘presence’ there, and …”
     “I found an abandoned house off-trail from where I usually walk, and …”
     “I was looking out my window, and the mist and streetlight made me feel so strange, that …”

All such experiences evoke, for me, what can be called ‘Faery consciousness;’ – a ‘state’ in which I am open(ed) to Mystery; to the mysterious—that which is ‘beyond knowing,’ whether or not we will ever come to understand it.  It is, in naturalistic terms, a neurological, psychological and bio-physical state; though it may have preternatural ‘elements’ as well—grounded in the organic chemistry that makes us what we are as evolved physical and evolving spiritual beings with a deep history in the planetary biosphere.  It is a psychological and emotional ‘mood.’  It is a spiritual state of communion with otherness.  Faery consciousness is that state in which I am imaginatively prone to experiencing the ordinary world as ‘haunted’ by a presence that I best en-word in the kinds of themes discussed above; fantasying my way toward deep awareness of self and others, reconciliation with the Earth & Cosmos, and the discovery of new touchstones of authenticity in my mortal being-in-becoming.  Such consciousness gives rise to a mythic way of speaking about our Fairy experiences that is characterized by Wonder and Awe.

When I am reading or writing a story or poem, and the Fairies make a sudden appearance, I feel lifted out of the ordinary rounds of the day and invited to move toward_ then into_ something extra-ordinary!  Their appearance is a potential moment of wakening to the Wonder and Awe that it is always possible for us as human animals to experience.

Wonder is that grounding state of openness to the what-is; [13] often awakening us – waking us up in the midst of the everyday – in the presence of something beautiful, curious, breath-taking; simply beyond our current comprehension.  That experience of being ‘stopped in our tracks;’ stunned by a beautiful sunset or by the intricacies of a wildflower, a sea star, or the thoughts given rise to by something we have just read or something a friend, lover or mentor has just said, are among the many various impetuses to the state of Wonder.  Awe is a complementary state; more associated with experiences in which there is some threat to our mortal existence.  As Wonder is to the Beautiful, so Awe is to the Sublime.  When caught out in a thunder & lightning storm, for instance – as I have oft been – hiking some woodland trail, one’s consciousness can be transfigured by Awe!  It is a sublime – not simply beautiful – experience.  While there is a certain beauty in the storm, there is also real danger.  It therefore awakens us to the sublime dimension in our reality.  To experience the Fairies via our creative Fantasy and dreaming oft inspires me to- and beyond- the thresholds of both Wonder and Awe.

I have mentioned here only a few of the many interesting and engaging Fantasy themes and ideas – poetic and mystical – associated with the Fairyfolk, some others being stories of “Faery Forts,” “Faery Doctors,” “Faery Paths,” “Faery Islands” and much, much more.  Overall, the folklore of the Fairies constitutes a deep story-world, accessed via fantasy – in which we may participate on a variety of levels; existential, literary, spiritual and mystical.  While the Faeryfolk have been ‘believed in’ for centuries as ‘real, existing’ beings, I have come to relate to them as ‘real imaginary’ beings.  They exist, inhabiting my imagination and coming to the fore when I am telling stories about ‘liminal;’ i.e., ‘border' – experiences.

In almost fifty years I have found no evidence of their existence outside my imagination, beyond the journeying in fantasy that allows me to participate in their liminal reality. Tales of the Fairyfolk are of that fictional mode in which fantasy is at work in our consciousness; transforming us – and as such evoke in me a powerful sense of what lies beyond our comprehension, but which is still weirdly illuminating of our lives in-world.  The Faery World is a Fantasy World, stories about it contributing in many cases to the hope for a better life in this-world wherein suffering and hatred have been diminished – if not transcended, having been eliminated – and where abundance and wellness prevail for all who live there.  As such, it is no wonder that the Faery World is so often conflated with the idea of ‘Paradise.’  Whether the Fairyfolk ‘actually exist’ – outside the Creative Imagination – I leave to others to debate.

Faery Stories and Poems—

Here are a few of the more recent stories and poems at this blog that have Faery themes:

“Patrick and the Faery” (17 March 2018) – in this poem, Saint Patrick and the Faeryfolk are dancing and celebrating the Vernal Equinox together; something they probably would not have done when Patrick was alive.  The idea here is that in the Otherworld we get over our provincialism and narrow-minded conceptions of what it is to be human, holy, etc. – and can embrace those we might have demonized, despised or mistrusted in this life.  Would that we could more often attain to this level of wisdom in this life!

“Old Nicholas at Ross Falls” (6 December 2018) – here Saint Nicholas appears as one of the Faeryfolk as he and his Americanized complement ‘Santa Claus’ often did in the 19th century.  The poem is a visionary fairy fantasy at “Ross Falls” – at the opening of the Winter Solstice Season.

“A Winter Wakening” (20 December 2018) – this blog, which provides an intro to the story of “Nicholas and the Elves” that I have been developing and writing about for 30 years, presents the story of Runa Luna, the Mistress of Tara Lough, who comes to the mythic ‘top of the world’ – “Tara Lough” being the home of Nicholas and the Elves in the tale – as the parallel in my stories to the ‘Mrs. Claus’ character in our modern secular ‘holiday’ stories.  Runa Luna is a Faery Mistress, and her advent at Tara Lough have been significant to my ongoing story-building around Nicholas and the Faeryfolk; being fellow collaborators in the Dream of the Winter Solstice and the "Thirteen Nights and Dayes of Yule."

“Gone Faerying at Ross Falls” (23 June 2019) – this poem is the third of four set at “Ross Falls” to have a Faery theme.  This is another dreamed vision-quest poem, ending with an invitation to sing along with the Faeryfolk: “twindle-too-le-ley-hey-nune.”

“To Faery Gone (1 September 2020) – a poem about slipping away into Faërie.

“A Faery Wood Carol” (27 November 2021) – A poem treating the association of the Faeryfolk with the Yule—Winter Solstice—Christmas Season.

 

A Brief Bibliography of Sources

Here are a few of the many sources that have informed my Faery poetics over the years.  The first list are the best of the texts I was aware of in the 1970’s to 1980’s.  The second list includes the best of the texts I’ve read since this blog was first published in 2019.

I.

Evans‑Wentz, Walter Y.  The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1978)

Gantz, J. (ed. and trans.)  Mabinogion (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976; 1965)

Gregory, Lady  Cúchulainn of Luirthemne: The Story of the Men of the Red Branch of Ulster (Gerrard’s Cross: Colin Smythe, 1970)

Gregory, Lady  Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha Danann and the Fiana of Ireland (Gerrard’s Cross: Colin Smythe, 1976)

MacManus, Dairmaid  Irish Earth Folk (New York: Devon‑Adair, 1959)

MacManus, Dairmuid A. The Middle Kingdom: The Faery World of Ireland (London: 1960)

Yeats, William Bulter  Irish Faery and Folk Tales (Dorset Press, 1987)

 II.

Harries, Elisabeth Wanning  Twice Upon a Time: Women Writers and the History of the Fairy Tale (Princeton University Press, 2001)

Silver, Carole G  Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness (Oxford University Press, 1999)

Tolkien, J. R. R. Tales from the Perilous Realm  (Boston & New York: William Marrow; and imprint of Harper Collins Publishers, 2008)

Zipes, Jack Victorian Fairy Tales: The Revolt of the Fairies and Elves (New York and London: Routledge, 1987)


Endnotes--

[1] By this analogy, a genre like the 19th century ‘social novel’ describes life in the Forest.  It deals with the social constructs, cultural mores, values and everything else inscribed by our horizons in the Forest.  The social novel tells stories about the ‘realistic’ adventures, conflicts and experiences to be had as well as the decisions to be made in the ordinary world that potentially lead the characters to some degree of self-realization.  It explores our struggle to live – beyond just surviving – within the Forest.  Perhaps a ‘fantasy novel,’ by contrast, taking place in a ‘different lived world,’ can perhaps be understood as happening in ‘another level of the Forest’ – perhaps half-way up in the boughs of the trees? – that we do not see until the ‘jump’ makes it possible to envision.  Both genres give us insight into our lives and the living out of our aspirations, dreams and hopes.

[2] J. R. R. Tolkien, in his essay “On Faery Stories” critiqued the notion that all fantasy is ‘escapist’ while also defending the need to have a means of ‘escape,' e.g., when we are enmired in dehumanizing situations and living in repressive conditions in the world.  (see the essay in a number of volumes, including Tales from the Perilous Realm [Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008; p 335 – 374])

[3] See Dairmuid Mac Manus Irish Earth Folk (1959), pp. 144-145 and Tom Cowan Fire in the Head (1993; p 15) for allusions to this idea.

[4] This ‘diminution’ – making the Faery small, which reached its culmination in the late 19th and early 20th century; and which is reflected in modern Fairy stories (e.g., the various versions of Peter Pan and Tinkerbell) is the end result of the transition of one mythology to another; in this case, from Pagan to Christian mythology.  The good spirits and supernatural helpers of an older mythology often become the downsized (literally!) tricksters and evil spirits in the new mythology.  In the case of the Faeryfolk, it is a diminution caused by their mythology being superseded by that of Christianity.

[5] Stray Sod” – Tom Cowan said in Fire in the Head (1993) that “Sometimes a person stumbles into Faery by making a wrong turn on a well-known path or, as the Irish say, stepping upon a “stray sod.” (15)

[6] For a reference to “thin places” see Edward Sellner’s Wisdom of the Celtic Saints (1993, p 11)

[7] When I was a teenager I imagined that the coffin holes in the sides of a railroad tunnel outside my hometown were ‘doorways’ into the Faery World!  I would often go there to have imagined meetings with them.

[8] Samhain – often misunderstood, this is the “Night of the Dead” in the Celtic calendar; 31 October, when the Sídhe open up.  Far from being a night filled with ‘black magic’ and ‘devil-worship’ (as it is still often hijacked into representing in pop culture media) it was a night for remembering and communing with the dead; Pagan peoples oft believing it possible to meet-up with the souls of people and animals you have known in this life who are now gone across the sídhe into the Otherworld.

I was taught that – as a night for remembrance of the dead -- those of your family and friends who had died in the previous yea could come and visit mortals between the end of the old year (at dusk on 31 October) and the beginning of a New Year (at dawn on 1 November).  It is understood as a night for making restitution and paying debts. You could seek forgiveness from and offer it to those with whom you had not been able to reconcile while in life; they could be given offerings of food and written confessions, taken up to the bonfires on the hills and burned.  This is the historical touchstone of our commercialized practice of “Trick or Treat.”  It was a practice encouraging reconciliation with one's enemies; then seeking the runes of a “new start” or perhaps some degree of personal transfiguration, as 1 November was “New Years’ Day” in the traditions of the Olde Ones.

[9] See pp. 464 – 478 in Tales from the Seasons (Authorhouse, 2008).  This experience – which is based on something that actually happened to friends of mine and I while out hiking years ago – is also alluded to in “The Calling of Ross Falls” (22 September 2018).  Three of the four poems about Ross Falls (so far) are Faery-themed.

[10] Tom Cowan, in Fire in the Head 1993, relates one of these stories; that of the Poet Thomas the Rhymer (p 73)

[11] See my blog “A Musing Life” (2 February 2018) at this site for reflections on my ‘life with the Muse;’ the quest to become a mature, creative person.

[12] On my own fascination with ruins, see my blog “Ruins and the Harvest: Autumn Themes” (23 September 2011).

[13] I see the realms of the imagination as an integral part of the ‘what is.’